<p>Alum Pot is a pothole with a large open shaft at a surface elevation of 343 m on the eastern flanks of Simon Fell, North Yorkshire, England. It connects with nearby Long Churn Cave and Diccan Pot. The pot is accessed via a 1-km private track on payment of a small fee from Selside Farm in the hamlet of Selside in Ribblesdale. Alum Pot has variously been known as Allan, Alan, Allen, Hellen and Hell&#39;n.</p><br>
<p>In 1847 John Birkbeck undertook the first partial descent of Alum Pot from Long Churn Cave which did not reach the floor of the shaft. He returned the following year and made a successful descent, when a group of nine men were lowered to the shaft floor in a large bucket winched down by a group of railway workers. Another successful complete descent of Alum Pot took place in 1870, when a group of people were lowered to the floor using a cage and windlass operated by navvies working on the Settle–Carlisle Line. In 1932 a 24-strong group of cavers from the Craven Pothole Club made the first passage from Alum Pot to Diccan Pot.</p><br>
<p>In July 1936 Mabel Binks became the first caving fatality in the Yorkshire Dales when she was hit by a rock falling down the Main Shaft. Evidence from the inquest indicated that it had been thrown down deliberately.</p><br>
<p>Nutting Hall is a historic home located at Pine Grove, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1823-1825, and is a 2 1/2-story, five bay wide frame dwelling, with a 2 1/2-story rear ell and gable roof. The main house measure 40 feet by 60 feet and sits on a stone foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The home at 205 South Tulpehocken Street, Pine Grove, PA is the property of Margery Wheeler Mattox, who restored it after it had been converted to rental apartments by the former owner. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1980, after restoration was completed.</p><br>
<p>Christopher Ley (1695-1745), the grandfather of the home’s first owner (Christian Ley, Sr.), came to America from the German Palatinate in 1732, and settled in what is now Myerstown. Christopher and his wife Barbara had nine children, one of whom was Michael (1739-1824). In 1769, at the age of thirty, Michael Ley built Tulpehocken Manor in Myerstown, which is on the National Register and is one of Lebanon County’s major historical landmarks. The Leys had ties with General Washington, who visited and stayed at their manor house three times between 1777 and 1794- once on a trip to inspect the Union Canal. Michael Ley held the rank of captain during the American Revolution. Captain Ley was married to Eva M. Lower (1744-1815), and their son Christian Ley (1762-1832), was 32 years old when Washington, as President, last visited their Lebanon County manor house.</p><br>
<p>Christian Ley was state representative for Lebanon and Dauphin Counties from 1799 to 1802. He came to Pine Grove and became associated with many prominent business men of the area- buying and selling large tracts of land. This home was built for Christian’s family by Peter Filbert between 1823 and 1825. Until the attic was converted to apartments, Mr. Filbert’s name and the 1825 date still appeared as written on the old, original plaster.</p><br>
<p>Christian married Anna Catherine Koppenhoffer (1769-1822) and they had three children: Christian Jr., John and Catherine. Only two years after Christian Sr. died in 1832, his survivors lost the old Tulpehocken Manor to Jacob Loose in a sheriff’s sale for back taxes- and, in 1837, they also sold this home in Pine Grove to William Graeff, a tanner who came to Pine Grove around 1825 and opened a large general store. His wife Elizabeth had six children. One daughter, Barbara Ann, married James L. Nutting, and they inherited this home when Mr. Graeff died.</p><br>
<p>James Nutting (1818-1880) came to Pine Grove in 1847 from Maine, as an honor graduate of Law from Bowdoin College. At 24, he entered a firm in Portland, Maine, but turned to the teaching profession. After moving to Pine Grove, he taught in both public and private schools, served as school director, and also entered local coal and iron businesses. Nutting had a very large farm in nearby Brookside. He was planning to return to his law practice when he died unexpectedly at Nutting Hall in the early morning hours of June 25, 1880. He was so respected by the townspeople that the Press Herald devoted three columns to his passing. The present Press Herald staff gave Ms. Wheeler-Mattox a copy of that 1880 issue, which is on display at the house.</p><br>
<p>James and Barbara Nutting had three children, but only one, Annie, survived to adulthood. She married Richard Wigton in the home’s backyard, and, just as her mother, she was a sole survivor and inherited the house when Barbara died. The Wigtons had five children: Jeanette, Kathryn, Nutting, Elizabeth and Richard. Richard became the sole owner of the house until he died in 1952, thus marking the first time the home and property had left the family. Reuben and Anne Riggen bought and owned the home for ten years, then sold it to Glenn Schell in 1963. Margery Wheeler Mattox purchased it for restoration from Mr. Schell in 1974 and has remained there ever since.</p><br>
<p>Tamaqua Historic District is a national historic district located at Schuylkill Township and Tamaqua, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 944 contributing buildings, 3 contributing sites, 8 contributing structures, and 3 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Tamaqua. The residential buildings principally date to the early 20th century. They are mostly two-story, of brick and frame construction, and in a variety of popular architectural styles including Queen Anne, Late Victorian, Italianate, and Colonial Revival. Notable non-residential buildings include the Little Schuylkill Hotel , White Swan , Washington House , Shepp Building, Elks Lodge, Peoples Trust Company Building , Tamaqua National Bank , First National Bank of Tamaqua , USA Post Office , Majestic Theater and Hotel, Hegarty Blacksmith Shop , Conrad Biscoff Planing Mill and Furniture Factory , Tamaqua Manufacturing Company , Calvary Episcopal Church , First Methodist Church , St. Jeromes Roman Catholic Church , American Hose Company , East End Fire Co. , and the former Tamaqua Armory. The contributing sites are St. Jeromes Cemetery , Odd Fellows Cemetery , and the foundation of the Fitzpatrick Shirt Factory . Contributing structures include three runs of iron steps and five bridges. Located in the district and separately listed are the Anthracite Bank Building, George Ormrod House, and Tamaqua Railroad Station.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Bardwell Creek rises in Georges River local government area, near Hurstville and flows in a north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Bexley, Bexley North, Bardwell Park, and Turrella in the Bayside local government area, where it makes its confluence with Wolli Creek, where it forms the border between the suburbs of Bardwell Park and Turrella. The upper reaches of the Creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes an open concrete channel at Croydon Road in the Bexley Golf Course. The total catchment area of Bardwell Creek is 6.36 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Isis Temple, in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA is a prominence below the North Rim, and adjacent Granite Gorge. The prominence lies north of the north bank of the west-flowing Colorado River, and is just north of Middle Granite Gorge. The Trinity Creek and canyon flow due-south at its west border; its north, and northeast border/flank is formed by Phantom Creek  and canyon, a west tributary of Bright Angel Creek; the creeks intersect about 3 mi southeast, and 1 mi north of Granite Gorge.</p><br>
<p>Isis Temple is about 5 mi directly north of Grand Canyon Village on the South Rim, Grand Canyon; the Village is the west terminus of Arizona Route 64-(East Rim Drive), and north terminus of USA 180, from Valle, Arizona, and Williams, (about 58 mi south).</p><br>
<p>Isis Temple is part of an uplifted, and sub-faulted block, (about 3.5 mi long x 2.0 mi wide), with a sub-peak landform, Cheops Pyramid, 5,392 ft, about 1600-ft (490 m) lower in elevation, and 1.0 mi southeast of the Isis Temple prominence. The Isis prominence is composed of erosion resistant cliff-forming Coconino Sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>The North Kaibab Trail accesses the Bright Angel Canyon route. Views of Isis Temple, or routes to the region are from the middle, or lower Bright Angel Canyon-Phantom Creek region, the flatlands around Isis, Cheops and the block southeast, called Utah Flats; one of the trails leads to the viewpoint at the Isis-Cheops Saddle. From the North Rim, the Tiyo Point Trail has views of Isis Temple from the north.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The prominence of Isis Temple is composed of the Coconino Sandstone, at 7,012 ft, (a similar elevation to the North Rim, Grand Canyon, Kaibab Plateau, and the Coconino is geologic member no. 2 of the 4 units of Permian age; unit 4, Kaibab Limestone makes up the Kaibab Plateau). Below the cliff-former Coconino Sandstone is eroded, slope-forming Hermit Shale, upon the uppermost Supai Group redbeds member the cliff-forming, Esplanade Sandstone-(see Tuckup Trail). After the thick sequence of redbeds, the cliff-forming Redwall Limestone sits above highly eroded slopes of Muav Limestone and Bright Angel Shale. These slopes are deposited upon the cliff-forming unit of Shinumo Quartzite. The Shinumo Quartzite forms the cliff-base of Isis Temple, with highly erodable units forming the slopes below, the colorful, yellows, reds, and purplish colors from the Hakatai Shale, above the bottom Unkar Group member, Bass Formation-(in other photos shown as a well-bedded, grayish, multi-layered member, sitting on Vishnu Basement Rocks, at the top of Middle Granite Gorge).</p><br>
<p>The Shinumo Quartzite lies above the slope-forming unit of the Hakatai Shale, above Bass Formation. The two slope formers can be seen as reddish, yellowish, and purplish in photographs. From the south, three colorful slope-forming sections below the Shinumo Quartzite cliffs can be observed from a distance, one each below Isis Temple and Cheops Pyramid; a lower prominence has the third slope directly upon Granite Gorge, with the intersection of Bright Angel Creek/Canyon, located at the southeast section of the uplifted fault-block, that Isis Temple and Cheops Pyramid are part of.</p><br>
<h3>Tapeats Sea, Shinumo Quartzite, and Unkar Group Horst</h3><br>
<p>No Tapeats Sandstone was deposited upon the Shinumo Quartzite. In the Tapeats Sea, the marine transgression sequence of sandstone-(conglomerates)-shale-limestone found two mountain island members, the Cardenas Basalt (sections), and the Shinumo Quartzite, as erosion resistant prominences. Only the Bright Angel Shale and Muav Limestone were deposited above the mountain island prominences; Tapeats Sandstone was deposited around the Shinumo Qurtzite island perimeter, and can be seen in Bright Angel Canyon, west and northwest, the Phantom Creek drainage, north, and in the Trinity Creek drainage down the west perimeter, and upstream.</p><br>
<p>The Isis Temple-Cheops Pyramid is part of a localized fault-block, uplifted; (it also contains 3 sub-faults within it, parallel to the fault at its north border, Phantom Creek); the fault bordering the fault-block west, is down Trinity Creek; the fault east is the Bright Angel Fault, down Bright Angel Canyon, and on the south (South Rim side, south of Middle Granite Gorge), through Garden Creek (canyon), of the Bright Angel Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Unkar Group, which forms the base of Isis Temple, consists of the Shinumo Quartzite, Hakatai Shale, and Bass Formation in descending order. The Unkar Group lies upon the Vishnu Basement Rocks, which are exposed in Lower, Middle, and Upper Granite Gorge. The Unkar Group, and other subdivisions of the (Grand Canyon Supergroup), are tilted, about 15 degrees, as seen in photographs, or while viewing in Grand Canyon.</p><br>
<h2>List of geologic units of Isis Temple</h2><br>
<p>The following is the list of geologic units below the Isis Temple prominence (for 5-member Unkar Group fault&ndash;block, members 3 through 1):</p><br>
<p>Coconino Sandstone, (prominence, Permian unit 3 of 5 in Grand Canyon)</p><br>
<p>Hermit Shale, Permian</p><br>
<p>Supai Group, (4 units, Pennsylvanian-Permian)</p><br>
<p>4--Esplanade Sandstone, (Permian)</p><br>
<p>3--Wescogame Formation</p><br>
<p>2--Manakacha Formation</p><br>
<p>1--Watahomigi Formation</p><br>
<p>(no Surprise Canyon Formation)</p><br>
<p>Redwall Limestone</p><br>
<p>Temple Butte Limestone</p><br>
<p>Muav Limestone, (Tonto Group, unit 3 of 3)</p><br>
<p>Bright Angel Shale, (Tonto Group, unit 2 of 3)</p><br>
<p>3--Shinumo Quartzite-(Unkar Group, 1,2,3 of 5)</p><br>
<p>2--Hakatai Shale</p><br>
<p>1--Bass Formation</p><br>
<p>Vishnu Basement Rocks</p><br>
<h2>Observation viewpoints</h2><br>
<p>Isis Temple can be viewed from the South Rim, from the viewpoints, west and east of Grand Canyon Village, Arizona. Hopi Point (west), and Yavapai Point (east), are both at Grand Canyon Village, and due-south of Isis Temple.</p><br>
<p>Isis Temple can be viewed from the North Rim, Bright Angel Point region; Isis Temple prominence is about 3-mi due south of Tiyo Point-(Tiyo Point Trail), and Isis and Cheops Pyramid are about 5-mi southwest of Bright Angel Point.</p><br>
<p>Eagles Mere Historic District is a national historic district in the mountain lake resort of Eagles Mere in Shrewsbury Township, Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. The resort area was founded in the late nineteenth century and popular through the first half of the twentieth century. It surrounds Eagles Mere Lake. </p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The kidney-shaped Eagles Mere Lake covers 230 acres and is about 3/4 mile long. It is a natural spring-fed lake with exceptionally clear water in the Allegheny Mountains at an elevation of 2100 feet. Early resort promoters prohibited construction and tree cutting within 100 feet of the lake to protect the shoreline. The shoreline continues to be forested and is now owned by the Eagles Mere Association. Pristine forested areas with hiking trails surround the lake, and they are in turn surrounded by several thousand acres of more forest.</p><br>
<p>The village sits at the south end of the lake; there is a small beach at the north end. Just north of the beach is the neighborhood called Eagles Mere Park. This neighborhood developed out of a Chatauqua which lasted from 1897 to 1902. The twelve houses of the original Chatauqua are still extant and 42 similar houses were built before 1930.</p><br>
<p>The district includes 234 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 6 contributing structures in the resort community of Eagles Mere. The buildings date to the late-19th and early-20th century and include cottages, boat houses, commercial buildings, churches, and outbuildings. Cottage architecture reflects a number of popular styles including Queen Anne, Bungalow / American craftsman, and Prairie School. Notable non-residential buildings include the "beach house" (1890), Flora Villa Inn (1892), Eagles Mere Inn (1887), "The Crestmont" (1926), former Post Office (1902), Miller Drug Store (1903), Sweet Shop (1885), Eagles Mere Fire Company and Community Hall (1942), St. Johns-in-the-Wilderness Episcopal Church, and St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church (1905, 1916, 1923).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Eagles Mere Historic District 10.JPG</p><br>
<p>Eagles Mere Historic District 3.JPG</p><br>
<p>Eagles Mere Historic District 8.JPG</p><br>
<p>Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania (4099790137).jpg</p><br>
<p>St. Francis of Assissi RC Church, Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania.JPGSt. Francis of Assisi Church</p><br>
<p>Eagles Mere HD Sign Aug 09.jpgEagles Mere Historic District Sign</p><br>
<p>Eagles Mere, PA Keystone Marker.jpgKeystone marker</p><br>
<p>Slifer House, also known as Administration Building-Evangelical Home, is a historic home located at Kelly Township, Union County, Pennsylvania. It was designed by noted Philadelphia architect Samuel Sloan and built in 1861, as a country home for Lewisburg merchant Eli Slifer . It has a 2 1/2-story, brick, square main section, with two rectangular rear wings. The main section has a hipped roof with cross gables in a Victorian style. It features wraparound and two-story porches and a four-story square tower. It has housed elder care facilities since 1916, when it was purchased by the Evangelical Association.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The house is now owned by Albright Care Services and opened as a Victorian-era historic house museum. It includes artifacts from its use over the years as a home for senios, orphanage and community hospital.</p><br>
<p>William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop is a historic home located at Mifflinburg, Union County, Pennsylvania. The property includes three buildings; the house, buggy shop, and display-storage center. The house was built in 1870, and is a two-story, five-bay frame dwelling with a rear ell. The buggy shop was built in 1889, and is a two-story, rectangular wood frame building, 63 feet long and 24 feet wide. The display-storage center was built in 1895, and is a two-story, rectangular wood frame building, 33 feet long and 50 feet wide. It is representative of the buggy manufacturers who once had a notable presence in Mifflinburg.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The property is the Mifflinburg Buggy Museum. Visitors can tour the Heiss family home, reconstructed carriage house, the original buggy factory with carriages, wagons, and sleighs and tools, and original showroom. There is a visitor center with an introductory video, self-guided exhibit and hands-on workbench.</p><br>
<p>Lewisburg Historic District is a national historic district located at Lewisburg, Union County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 853 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, 11 contributing structures, and 2 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Lewisburg. Notable buildings include the Derr House , 19th century and early-20th century Bucknell University buildings including Old Main and Bucknell Hall, Union County Courthouse , USA Courthouse and Post Office , Himmelreich Library , First Presbyterian Church , Christ Lutheran Church , Union National Bank , McClure Building , Campus Theatre , and the Buffalo Mills . Also located in the district are the separately listed Chamberlin Iron Front Building, Packwood House-American Hotel, and Reading Railroad Freight Station. Contributing sites are the Lewisburg Cemetery and Soldiers Memorial Field. The contributing structures include five railroad bridges and the contributing objects are the Soldiers Memorial Monument  and a commemorative plaque.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>National Transit Building is a historic commercial building located at 206 Seneca Street, Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania. The main block was built in 1890, and is a four-story, stone and brick building. An adjacent annex building was built in 1896. The annex is connected by an enclosed bridgeway at the second, third, and fourth levels. The main entrance features a sandstone archway.</p><br>
<p>The National Transit Building is a jewel in the tapestry of the Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District. Once the hub of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, it has been transformed by the Oil City Civic Center into artists’ studios. Architects of the building were Curtis and Archer of Fredonia, New York. The builder of the structure, Horace B. Robinson of Oil City, etched his initials into a window on the second floor of the building with his diamond ring. At a cost of $90,000.00, it was the first building in the nation with offices for companies specializing in the transportation of oil by pipeline. Located at Center and Seneca Streets, the red brick structure opened in 1890, followed six years later by the yellow brick Annex. The two structures were connected by an architectural “bridge” for a total of 25,880 square feet. The foundation of the building was constructed from cut stone taken from the Humboldt Refining Company near Plumer. The round corners of the original building were achieved by using curved bricks, with decorative bricks providing various patterns in other areas of the building. Between the main building and the Annex is the beautiful wrought iron, spiral fire escape. There was a great attention to details in the construction of The National Transit Building. The main entrance floors are marble. Wall paneling is solid oak. The banisters and newel posts are wrought iron with ornate brass and bronze appliques. American Civil War cannonballs were fashioned into doorknobs. Another impressive site is the water-powered elevator in the Annex. It is modeled after an elevator built in the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The elevator was operable until this type of elevator was banned by the state, although the intricate mechanism is still visible.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 The National Transit Building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. After several owner transitions, the building was purchased by Ralph Nader’s organization and later donated to the Oil City Civic Center. In 2005 a wrap-around lobby mural, printed on vinyl, was dedicated. At a cost of $33,000.00, the mural is based on historical research and focuses on the crude oil and natural gas exploration of this region.</p><br>
<p>I recently spoke with a National Transit tenant involved in the development of the arts (with keys in hand – see photo) who provided the following information:</p><br>
<p>It has an amazing history – at the turn of the last century, as the national headquarters for the oil industry under John D. Rockefeller and more recently, as the focus of a growing arts movement in Oil City. This magnificent historic building went through some hard times in the late 1980s and 1990s. At one point there were plans to tear it down and put up a CVS! Ralph Nader heard about it, bought the building and several years later turned it over to a non-profit corporation founded to manage it, the Oil City Civic Center. It has been restored chiefly through the efforts of volunteers.</p><br>
<p>Today it is the hub of Oil City’s arts revitalization and it offers work and teaching spaces for visual artists, musicians, dancers, two galleries and a performance space. The Oil City Civic Center, Inc. is charged with preserving the historic complex and to provide affordable space for nonprofit organizations.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the building hosted the inaugural Oil Valley Film Festival.</p><br>
<p>The William R. Dowse House, more commonly known as the Dowse Sod House, is a sod house in Custer County in the central portion of the state of Nebraska, in the Great Plains region of the United States. It was built in 1900 and occupied until 1959. After a long period of neglect, it was restored beginning in about 1981, and opened as a museum in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as "an excellent example of the sod house phenomenon", and as one of the few surviving sod houses in Nebraska.</p><br>
<h2>Sod houses on the Great Plains</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead Act of 1862 was a major factor in opening the Great Plains to white settlement. Under the provisions of the Act, settlers could obtain title to a quarter-section (160 acres, or 160 acre) of land for a nominal fee, provided that they built a house, made certain improvements, farmed the land, and occupied the site for at least five years.</p><br>
<p>Settlers in the regions east of the Missouri River had found ample trees with which to build log houses. The eastern quarter of Nebraska was also well supplied with timber. However, as settlers moved further west, they encountered the treelessness that had led Major Stephen H. Long, exploring the region in 1820, to label it the "Great American Desert". Especially before the arrival of the railroad, the cost of importing building materials was prohibitive; and many homesteaders had spent all that they had on farming equipment, and could barely afford the filing fees for their land claims.</p><br>
<p>There is no consensus among scholars regarding the origin of sod construction on the Plains. Some maintain that the inspiration came from the earth lodges of the local native peoples, including the Omahas and the Pawnees. However, these earth lodges were circular in cross-section, and built upon heavy timber frameworks. It has also been suggested that the idea of building with sod came from European immigrants, either Russian-Germans, who are known to have built rammed earth dwellings in the Plains, or immigrants from the British Isles, particularly from Ireland, where turf houses were built with stone foundations and frames to support the turf. None of these closely resembled the unframed sod-block houses built in the Midwestern United States; but they might have engendered the idea of building with earth.</p><br>
<p>A simple sod house could be built in about a week, and for a cost of less than five dollars. Cost was not the only advantage. The thick walls provided insulation against summer heat and winter cold; the latter was particularly important in light of the dearth of firewood on the plains, which forced the early settlers to burn corncobs, twisted grass, or dried buffalo dung. The walls also withstood prairie winds better than framed walls; even sod houses struck by tornadoes generally survived with no worse damage than the loss of the roof, leaving the walls standing. Sod houses also provided a safe refuge against prairie fires, especially when surrounded by a plowed and back-burned firebreak.</p><br>
<p>The sod house was not without its disadvantages, however. Initially, at least, most had dirt floors, which had to be sprinkled with water to abate dust. To protect against invasion by rodents, insects, and snakes, the interior walls were often shaved smooth and plastered with lime, or with a mixture of local clay and sand or ashes; the lower portions of the exterior walls could also be reinforced, with planks or concrete if they were available, or with a second layer of sod to thicken them. Leaky roofs were also a problem; to protect the inhabitants and the interior furnishings from falling water, dirt, and vermin, it was common to make a ceiling of a white muslin sheet tacked to the walls. Since windows were one of the most expensive elements of a sod house, pioneers on a budget were often forced to make do with windows that were small and few in number; a light muslin ceiling and plastered walls helped to illuminate the house by reflecting daylight through the interior.</p><br>
<p>Sod houses continued to be occupied and built even after wood for construction became available. A number of contemporary photographs show occupied sod houses adjacent to frame barns and outbuildings. The Dowse house was built in 1900, although the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad had reached the nearby town of Comstock in 1899, and a lumber company was available there. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, several Custer County farmers who had lost their homes relocated to vacant land and built sod houses there. As late as 1940, a sod house was built near Dunning, Nebraska.</p><br>
<p>The sod houses of Custer County are particularly well documented, owing to the efforts of Solomon Butcher. An itinerant photographer, Butcher conceived the idea of creating a photographic history of pioneer life in Nebraska. Between 1886 and 1912, he produced nearly 3,500 glass plate negatives; over 1,800 of these were taken in Custer County, and over 1,500 show sod houses. Butcher&#39;s photographs are now owned by the Nebraska State Historical Society.</p><br>
<h3>Sod construction</h3><br>
<p>In constructing a sod house, a site had to be chosen that was close to good sources of sod. All prairie grasses were not alike for purposes of construction sod; the best were those with a strong and dense root network to hold the blocks together. Preferred species included buffalo grass (Bouteloua dactyloides), slough grass (Spartina pectinata), and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi).</p><br>
<p>At the house site, the grass was removed. Often, the soil was excavated one to two feet (1 to 2 ft) below ground level; this reduced the height of the walls, and thus the amount of sod that had to be cut. The ground that would form the house floor was moistened and then tamped with a fencepost to flatten and harden it. Footings were rarely laid, due to the cost or unavailability of material.</p><br>
<p>Before the sod blocks were cut, the grass was mown short or burned off. At times, the surface was scored with a cutter or disc; the blocks could then be removed with a spade. This approach, however, tended to produce rough and non-uniform blocks, which complicated the task of laying them in even courses. Blocks could also be cut with a plow. An ordinary plow could be used, given considerable skill and care on the part of the operator; however, the mouldboard tended to turn over and break up the blocks; even if intact blocks were produced, they were generally not of uniform thickness. In the late 19th century, a modified plow designed specifically for sod cutting was invented: this "grasshopper plow" replaced the mouldboard with a set of adjustable rods, which allowed the operator to cut a uniform strip of sod three to six inches (3 to 6 in) deep and 12 to 18 in wide. This strip could then be cut into blocks. The dimensions of these depended, among other things, on the strength of the builder&mdash;the blocks were dense, and had to be sized so that the builders could lift them. Typical blocks cut with a grasshopper plow might measure four inches (4 in) deep by 12 in wide by 24 to 36 in long.</p><br>
<p>In building the walls, the sod blocks were laid one course at a time; each course was completed before the next was begun. Walls were generally two or three wythes thick; the vertical joints were staggered to avoid creating a direct path through the wall for wind and vermin. To bind the wythes and increase the stability of the wall, every second, third, or fourth course was laid crosswise.</p><br>
<p>Early sod houses were roofed with sod. The weight of the roof helped to keep it from blowing away in strong winds, and the insulating power of such a roof helped to moderate temperatures within the house. However, the sod roof&#39;s weight also posed the risk of collapse if there was insufficient wood support for it, and sod roofs tended to drip water, mud, and insects. In later sod houses, for which the material was more readily available, roofs were shingled or covered with tarpaper, boards, or metal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first homestead established in Custer County was that of Lewis R. and Sarah M. Dowse, who in August 1873 occupied a site on the Middle Loup River. Lewis Dowse was born in 1845 in Sherborn, Massachusetts. After service in the Civil War, he moved to Iowa in 1868. In the following year, he married Sarah Wagner, who was born in 1854 in Auglaize County, Ohio. In 1871, their oldest child, William R. Dowse, was born. The family moved to Nebraska in 1873, accompanied by Sarah Dowse&#39;s parents; the latter remained in Loup City while their daughter and son-in-law established their homestead, then moved to Custer County in 1874. The Dowses initially occupied a dugout on their claim; in 1874, they built a slab house, using material brought from Loup City. There, they raised nine children, including an adopted daughter.</p><br>
<h3>Building the house</h3><br>
<p>In October 1900, William Dowse married 18-year-old Florence Murphy, daughter of John and Leah Thrist Murphy. At the beginning of that year, he was living in a dugout just south of his parent&#39;s farm; by April 1900, a sod house was under construction, to be occupied by the couple. John Murphy was an experienced builder of sod houses, and the William Dowse house was built with his aid and that of neighbors and friends.</p><br>
<p>The new house was located northwest of the homestead of the senior Dowses. William Dowse did not homestead the site. The property was originally acquired in 1884 by Kate Prescott, under the provisions of the Timber Culture Act of 1873; it is not known whether Prescott had built a dwelling on the parcel.</p><br>
<p>The blocks for the house were cut from bluestem sod, probably obtained from a site very close to the house. The grass was mown to a height of 1/4 inch (0.25 in); the blocks were then cut with a grasshopper plow, to dimensions of about 24 in long by 16 in wide by 3 - thick. Blocks were laid with the grass side down, in a one-course common bond; the walls were battered, measuring 27 in thick at ground level and 20 in thick at the top.</p><br>
<p>The plan of the house was L-shaped, with stems projecting to the east and to the south. It occupied a rectangle measuring 29 feet by 31 feet 3 inches (29 ft by 31 ft); each stem of the L was approximately 6 m wide. The single-story house was topped with a steeply-pitched wood-shingled hip roof.</p><br>
<p>The interior was divided by wood partition walls into three rooms. A small bedroom occupied the northwest corner, at the angle of the L. The eastward projection contained a large kitchen and hall; the southward projection, a somewhat smaller parlor and dining room. A steep stairway led up to an unfinished attic. The floors were packed dirt; the ceiling was muslin tacked beneath boards. The interior of the sod walls was plastered with a mixture of clay, straw, and hog hair.</p><br>
<p>Two east-facing doors led into the house. One, at the end of the eastern projection of the L, led into the kitchen-hall. A second, on the east side of the southern projection, led from the space enclosed by the arms of the L into the parlor-dining room. Two windows faced northward: one from the kitchen-hall, one from the bedroom. Two more faced southward: one from the kitchen-hall and one from the parlor-dining room. A single window faced eastward from the kitchen-hall. Windows were flush with the exterior walls of the house. The window wells were beveled, widening toward the interior of the house; this admitted more light to the house. The configuration of the west wall is not known, since the wall was removed in 1924.</p><br>
<h3>Living in the house</h3><br>
<p>William and Florence Dowse raised five sons, born between 1905 and 1919: Harold, William Jr., Philip, Curtis, and Kermit. After occupying a crib in his parents&#39; bedroom, each son moved up to the attic room, where they slept on straw ticks.</p><br>
<p>As the family expanded, the house was enlarged and improved. In 1915, the muslin ceiling was replaced with plaster. Two years later, wood tongue-and-groove flooring was installed. In 1924, two additions were made. The space between the two arms of the L was framed in and covered with a shed roof; the resulting southeast corner room was left unfinished and used as a laundry room. The west sod wall of the house was removed completely, and a second shed-roofed addition constructed to extend the house to the west. Both additions were clad in wooden shingles. William Dowse, Jr. and his wife Inez occupied the western addition.</p><br>
<p>At some point, the house was wired for electricity. Plumbing was never installed.</p><br>
<p>The last major alteration to the house took place in 1935, when it was realized that the projection of the eaves was not sufficient to protect the house&#39;s walls from erosion. At that time, concrete was applied to the lower portion of the exterior sod walls: boards were placed against the wall and concrete poured into the space between board and wall, then allowed to dry before the boards were raised and the process repeated.</p><br>
<p>The durability of the house was tested in the early 1940s, when a tornado struck the farmstead. All of the farm&#39;s outbuildings were destroyed; but the house escaped undamaged, apart from a sawhorse blown through one of the windows.</p><br>
<p>William Dowse lived in the house until his death in 1951. Florence Dowse remained for another two years before moving to Comstock; she died in 1969. The final occupants of the house were the family of William Dowse, Jr., who remained there until 1959, the year before his death.</p><br>
<h3>Restoring the house</h3><br>
<p>After the departure of the last occupants, the house stood neglected for over two decades. Fire damaged the roof and shingles were blown off, allowing leakage; all of the windows and doors were broken or destroyed. With nothing to bar their entrance, cattle passed through the house, leaving a foot (30 cm) of manure on the floors.</p><br>
<p>In about 1981, descendants of William and Florence Dowse decided to restore the house. The project was spearheaded by two of the Dowse sons, Philip and Curtis, and supported by the Comstock Community Club. In the course of several years, over $6,000 was raised for the project. A fence was built to exclude cattle from the house. The roof was repaired and reshingled. The exterior walls were reinforced and repaired with new sod blocks, cut with a horse-drawn plow about 600 ft from the house; additional concrete coating was applied in places. The porch walls were re-shingled, and doors and windows were replaced. Inside the house, the manure covering the floors was removed, and the wood flooring repaired; the plaster on the walls was patched or replaced, up to 20 layers of old wallpaper was removed, and new wallpaper applied in places. Pioneer-era interior furnishings such as a cast-iron stove were installed. In May 1982, the house was opened as a museum.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, under the name "William R. Dowse House". In the form nominating it for the register, it was described as "an excellent example of the sod house phenomenon", and as one of the few surviving sod houses in the state. For their efforts in restoring the house and opening it to the public, Philip and Curtis Dowse received the Nebraska State Historical Society&#39;s Nebraska Preservation Award in 1990. In the 21st century, the Dowse Sod House is promoted as a tourist destination by the village of Comstock and by the Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism.</p><br>
<p>Emlenton Historic District is a national historic district located at Emlenton, Venango County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 317 contributing buildings, 57 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Emlenton. It includes commercial, residential, industrial, and institutional buildings. They are in a variety of popular architectural styles including Italianate, Greek Revival, and Gothic Revival.</p><br>
<p>Notable buildings include the Valley House Hotel (1837), Quaker State Oil Refining Complex, Harry Crawford birthplace (c. 1860), Farmers National Bank Building (1904), Criswell-Bishop Building (c. 1920), Crawford Memorial School (1928), St. Johns Reformed Church (1869), St. Johns Evangelical Lutheran Church (1886), Emlenton Presbyterian Church (1874), St. Michael&#39;s Roman Catholic Church (1870, 1930), and Emlenton Borough Building (1928). The contributing structures are mostly located at the Quaker State Oil Refining Complex and the contributing object is a World War I memorial.</p><br>
<p>The Emlenton Mill (1874) was lost to fire on February 6, 2015. At the time of the fire it housed an ice cream shop, a hostel for cyclists on the Allegheny River Trail, and a small museum. Several nearby houses were also damaged. Emlenton, a town of 648, has been trying to remake itself into a tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Gros Cap Archaeological District is a set of three archaeological sites located in Moran Township, Michigan, USA, designated 20MK6, 20MK7 and 20MK111. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The three sites cover 13.5 acre and include a village site and portions of the Gros Cap Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site is associated with the Odawa people, who settled in the area around West Moran Bay in the late 17th century. The Odawa village, located on the shore of the bay, had at one time 1500 people living in it, and was connected via a trail to the village to the east where St. Ignace is now located. A cemetery (now known as the Gros Cap Cemetery and still in use) was originally adjacent to the tribal village As more European settlers moved into the area, the Ottawa population decreased due to further emigration or intermarriage with the arriving settlers. However, the cemetery continued to be used by French, English and, eventually, American settlers.</p><br>
<p>The Gros Cap Cemetery, once known as the Western Cemetery, is a cemetery located southeast of Gros Cap, Michigan on US 2. It is one of the oldest cemeteries in the United States to be continuously used, and a portion is contained in the Gros Cap Archaeological District. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 17th century, a group of Ottawa Indians settled in the area around West Moran Bay. The village had, at one time, 1500 people living in it.</p><br>
<p>The Gros Cap Cemetery was originally adjacent to the tribal village As more European settlers moved into the area, the Ottawa population decreased due to further emigration or intermarriage with the arriving settlers. However, the cemetery continued to be used by French, English, and eventually American settlers. In 1889, the cemetery was placed under the jurisdiction of Moran Township, at which time the size of the cemetery was reduced and some of the remains reburied within the smaller remaining area. Later, the cemetery was increased in size to the north and east.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original cemetery covered a wide area; however, the current Gros Cap Cemetery is a plot of land measuring 375 ft by 600 ft, surrounded by a chain link fence. The cemetery contains the graves of both Indians and Europeans, with wooden crosses, 19th century headstones, and modern tombstones.</p><br>
<p>Marcy Village Apartments is a historic community located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Built in 1939, the 25 acre, 19-building apartment community compose a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 2004. Ground for the development was broken the week of March 20, 1939, and work was started on a full-time basis with Everett A. Carson of Indianapolis as the builder. Architects, Granger & Bollenbacher of Chicago, created the Colonial Revival apartment community for owners at the time, Marcy Realty Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On October 10, 1938, a project hearing was held before the Board of Zoning Appeals on a petition for variance to permit construction to start within two weeks on the $1,680,000 multi-apartment project to be located in northeast Indianapolis. Samuel B. Sutphin of New Augusta, owner of the 25-acre site for the proposed project, filed the petition with the zoning board.</p><br>
<p>Purchase of the site by the Marcy Realty Corporation depended upon favorable action by the zoning board. The multi apartment project first was planned by its sponsors on a tract at 59th street and the Monon Railroad but was abandoned when nearby property owners protested. The new site was bounded on the north by 46th street between College and Keystone Ave in Indianapolis, just north of the Indiana State School for the Deaf. Development of the project took 500 workmen nearly eight months to construct.</p><br>
<p>The Marcy Village large-scale housing project was the first Federal Housing Administration project of its type completed in Indiana. The buildings are distributed over the twenty-five-acre tract.</p><br>
<p>Marcy Village, which represents an expenditure of approximately $1,690,000, was an implemented under section 207of the National Housing Act of 1934. Under that section, sponsors may borrow from some private lending institution approved by the government any amount up to $5,000,000, at an interest rate not to exceed 4%, for terms to be approved by the administer and which in some instances run as long as thirty three years, for the construction of apartment buildings or groups of single-family buildings. At the time, Marcy Village was the 90th project completed in Indiana under that plan, though Marcy Village was the largest of its type in Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Colonial architecture is the primary design of the nineteen buildings of the project. Additionally to the apartments, there were shops consisting of five storerooms, which were occupied by a drug store, grocery, barber shop, beauty shop, and dentists&#39; and doctors offices.</p><br>
<h2>General contractor</h2><br>
<p>General contractor for the project was Everett A. Carson, Indianapolis-based general contractor, and father of Dr. Wayne Carson, surgeon and sponsor. E. A. Carson built structures in and near Indianapolis, including the front for SS. Peter and Paul Cathedral on North Meridian Street, St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church and parochial school building, and several academic buildings for Indiana University.</p><br>
<p>Oil City North Side Historic District, also known as Cottage Hill, Palace Hill, and Polish Hill, is a national historic district located at Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania. It is directly north of the Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District. The district includes 1,140 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Oil City. It includes a few neighborhood commercial buildings, churches, and two schools. The houses were built between about 1870 and 1945 and are in a variety of popular architectural styles including Romanesque Revival, Queen Anne, Second Empire, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, and Italianate. It also includes a number of working class vernacular dwellings, especially in the Polish Hill section.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Oil City South Side Historic District, also known as Venango City and Laytonia, is a national historic district located at Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania. It is directly south of the Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District. The district includes 882 contributing buildings and 2 contributing objects in a mixed use section of Oil City. It includes a large number of dwellings, commercial buildings, churches, and institutional buildings. The houses were built between about 1863 and 1945 and are in a variety of popular architectural styles including Romanesque Revival, Late Gothic Revival, Second Empire, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, Bungalow, American Foursquare, and Italianate. Notable non-residential buildings include the Carnegie Library , Latonai Theater , Knights of Columbus Hall , Good Hope Lutheran Church Rectory , Christ Episcopal Church , St. Stephen&#39;s Roman Catholic Church , and Second Lutheran Church . Located in the district is the separately listed Oil City Armory.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers Stock Exchange Arcade is a heritage-listed shopping arcade at 76 Mosman Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Sydney architect Mark Cooper Day and built in 1888 by Sandbrook Brothers of Sydney. It was originally known as the Royal Arcade. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>It was originally designed for the local civic leader Alexander Malcolm and was connected to the rest of the world via telegraph. It operated until 1916, when it had to be shut down due to the rapidly diminishing returns from the gold mines and population.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Stock Exchange Arcade was built in 1888 to the design of Sydney architect, Mark Cooper Day for Alexander Malcolm as a shop and office arcade and named the Royal Arcade. In 1890 the Stock Exchange took up its offices in the arcade which became the focus of gold-mining investment during the peak period of Queensland&#39;s most important goldfield.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at the site of Charters Towers in late 1871 by a prospecting party composed of Hugh Mosman, George Clark, James Fraser and an Aboriginal boy called Jupiter who worked for Mosman. By early 1872 a rush was in progress with an estimated 4,500 on the field by the end of the year. In 1874, following goldfield regulations, a business area was marked out in an area believed to be non-auriferous. In 1877 when Charters Towers petitioned for incorporation as a municipality (the Borough of Charters Towers), this business area was defined as covering one square mile, measured as a half mile in each compass direction from the intersection of Gill and Mosman Streets. This area was the key business and social centre of the town.</p><br>
<p>The economics of Charters Towers were closely bound up with the geology of the field. The gold was not alluvial, but in the form of reefs of gold-bearing ore. This meant that equipment to extract it and to dig shafts was needed from the start. There were several major reefs and they sloped downwards with loops and branches. The ore near the surface was extracted first. Later, deeper and deeper shafts were necessary to find and extract the gold. At first, small syndicates of miners, crushing mills and local business men financed the mines. As the lodes ran deeper, more capital was needed to exploit them than was available locally.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 several Mining Agents formed themselves into a Mining Exchange. This made speculation through the buying and selling of mine shares possible. In 1886, a display featuring ore samples from the Charters Towers mines was set up at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. At the time, some mines were producing extraordinary quantities of gold. The response from British investors resulted in a speculation boom. This did not hold, collapsing in 1888, but as the fabled Brilliant Reef was discovered in the following year, the fortunes of the field were not depressed for long.</p><br>
<p>The boom had encouraged a number of local businessmen to replace their timber buildings with more substantial brick structures. Alexander Malcolm, who had been on the field since the early 1870s was one of these, replacing his Malcolm&#39;s Buildings in Mosman Streets with an elegant arcade of shops and offices. The arcade was designed for him by Sydney architect Mark Cooper Day and was named the Royal Arcade.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 the Stock Exchange reformed along better organised lines and looked for new premises. The Royal Arcade was a wise choice, being centrally placed in the main business area and close to agents and banks. The Exchange signed an initial three year lease for the use of an office and the courtyard for their evening call at a rent of ten pounds a month. To begin with, two calls a day were made, one at noon and another, open to the public, in the evening. Public interest was such that this evening call was attended by crowds.</p><br>
<p>In 1892 the introduction of the McArthur-Forrest cyanide process boosted gold production for the field which peaked in 1899 at 319,572 ounces. The population also peaked in this year at around 26,500. Charters Towers was now the second most important city in Queensland and an internationally noted goldfield.</p><br>
<p>Falling real estates values and vacant buildings allowed a number of private schools to establish themselves, providing a new economic life for Charters Towers as an educational centre. Lack of pressure for expansion and development in Charters Towers meant that many of the buildings dating from the period when it was a world famous goldfield survived remarkably intact. However, the arcade was too large and grand for the reduced population and the type of business that they supported. The cost of maintenance eventually exceeded income from the building and it fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 it was acquired by the Charters Towers City Council as trustee for the Charters Towers and Dalrymple Historical Society. It was restored in conjunction with the National Trust of Queensland and when a National Trust Branch was formed in Charters Towers, ownership of the arcade was transferred to the National Trust. The first stage of the conservation repaired the section facing the street, completed in 1972. The second stage conserved the rest of the building in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The building is now used for offices and shops. The art gallery which occupies the upper floor is named for architect Don Roderick, who has strong associations with Charters Tower and worked on a voluntary basis with the builder, Bob Aitken, to carry out the urgent work which saved the building and made it usable again.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Stock Exchange Arcade is a masonry arcade of small offices on both sides of a central court covered with a glazed vault which is supported by steel trusses with decorative inset webs. It is now glazed with modern wired glass. The arcade floor is tessellated tiles. It is entered through a two storey structure which has offices on the upper floor and shops at street level. The central entrance is protected by a barrel-vaulted portico which projects out from the second storey over the pavement and is supported on timber posts.</p><br>
<p>The vault is clad with galvanised iron and glazed in at the front with a variety of coloured glass incorporating cast iron panels. It is flanked on the upper storey by pairs of windows and by a metal awning supported by posts to the street on the lower floor. The facade is topped by a stepped, balustraded parapet.</p><br>
<p>The shop fronts facing the street and within the arcade incorporate large timber framed windows with coloured glass above and cast iron vents above and below. Most of the joinery to the shop fronts is reconstructed. The original timber stairs lead up to the rooms at first floor level which are linked by a bridge with a cast iron balustrade. The wrought iron fence thought to have originally been at the rear of the arcade is now located at the front.</p><br>
<p>A large, single storey brick assay house with a galvanised iron roof which contains a small collection of mining artefacts is attached to the rear on one side and a modern toilet block to the other.</p><br>
<p>The back of the property is grassed with a chain wire fence to the land behind. The lamp standard is not original.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Stock Exchange Arcade was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Stock Exchange Arcade is emblematic of the importance of the discovery of gold to the development of north Queensland. It was one of only two stock exchanges outside the capital, both of which were on goldfields (the other being the Gympie Stock Exchange). Its grand architecture illustrates the wealth and confidence of Charters Towers in the nineteenth century. The abrupt finish to the arcade, which appears to be uncompleted, evokes the rise and fall of fortunes typically connected with goldfield towns.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare, early example of an arcade in Queensland and has aesthetic value as a work of architecture that is well liked by the community for its scale, landmark barrel vault entrance, traditional shop fronts, material and detail.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Its construction demonstrates the adaptation of the architectural forms of its period to the north Queensland climate by improved ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare, early example of an arcade in Queensland and has aesthetic value as a work of architecture that is well liked by the community for its scale, landmark barrel vault entrance, traditional shop fronts, material and detail.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare, early example of an arcade in Queensland and has aesthetic value as a work of architecture that is well liked by the community for its scale, landmark barrel vault entrance, traditional shop fronts, material and detail. It is associated with the establishment of the Charters Towers branch of the National Trust of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Struthers Library Building, also known as the Library Theatre, is a historic library and theatre building located at Warren, Warren County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1883, and is a red brick building in three sections. It measures 73 feet wide by 162 feet deep. The front section is three stories high with a corner tower. The second floor housed a library and the third a meeting hall, which was originally used as the town&#39;s Masonic Temple. It has a marquee on the front elevation. Behind the front section is the auditorium and behind that a three-story section with dressing rooms and stage. The auditorium was originally built as a Victorian opera house. The building was renovated in 1919 by the noted architectural firm of Warren and Wetmore. During the 1919 renovation, the auditorium was modified to make it suitable for movies and traveling vaudeville shows. In 1983, the auditorium underwent an extensive restoration, preserving the details of the 1919 renovation.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Matthew Fontaine Maury School  , in Fredericksburg, Virginia, is an historic school building noted for its Colonial Revival architecture and design as well as its significance in the entertainment and cultural life of Fredericksburg. The architect of the building was Philip Stern. Built in 1919-1920, the school was used from then until 1952 for both elementary and high-school students. After the construction of James Monroe High School, the building was used as an elementary- and middle-school. The school was closed in 1980. Maury School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in March 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school is located on in an area of Fredericksburg bounded by George, Kenmore, William and Barton streets. The site had been previously used as a potter’s field and an African-American cemetery. Prior to construction, the graves were relocated to Shiloh Cemetery in Fredericksburg. The original school building was Fredericksburg High School. It consisted of one building facing George Street. An auditorium was added to the school in 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, the school was enlarged with the addition of James Monroe Elementary School, a separate building connected by a covered walk, and the name was changed to James Monroe High School. In 1952, when the city built a new high school, the building was renamed Matthew Fontaine Maury School and served as the city&#39;s middle school until it was closed in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Maury stadium</h2><br>
<p>Included in the Historic Places designation is the schools stadium. This stadium was built in 1935 and, despite the construction of two different high schools to replace it, James Monroe High School sports teams continue to use it for home games. On the slope between the school and the field, bleachers of stepped-concrete bleachers were built. A brick balustrade forms the edge of the spectators area.</p><br>
<p>The stadium has been called "the City Stadium". It is the largest public gathering place in Fredericksburg. It is the venue for concerts and other community events. The stadium was also home to the Fredericksburg Dog Mart. The Dog Mart began with a 1698 agreement between the village that was to become Fredericksburg and the Manahoac Indian tribe. Held each year, this event brought as many as 15,000 people to the school.</p><br>
<h2>Matthew Fontaine Maury</h2><br>
<p>The school is named for Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806–1873), a Spotsylvania County, Virginia native who was known as the "Pathfinder of the Seas". Maury studied ocean currents and published the first reliable oceanographic charts. Maury was involved in the founding of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and taught at the Virginia Military Institute.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>Maury School reflects a Colonial Revival-style architecture. The school is made up of three matching buildings with 65,000 square feet of space. The first building opened in 1920 and was called Fredericksburg High School. The school was designed to serve white students in grades 7 - 12. In 1930 an auditorium and gym were added. An identical building was built in 1937 to house elementary school students and is connected by a covered walkway. The architect of the buildings was Philip Nathaniel Stern (1878–1960) of Fredericksburg, who was also architect for many of the buildings at what is now the University of Mary Washington. Historian and writer Jack D. Warren, Jr. called Maury School “the best example of institutional Colonial Revival architecture in Fredericksburg".</p><br>
<p>The Three Sisters are a land formation near Victoria West, Northern Cape, South Africa, comprising three distinctively shaped hills. The farm on which they are situated and the nearby railway siding are also named Three Sisters.</p><br>
<p>The hills (or "koppies" as they are known locally) are topped with dolorite, and are nearly identical in appearance.</p><br>
<p>They can be seen just to the east of the N1 highway, roughly 75 km outside Beaufort West, north of the junction of the N1 and the N12 highways. Due to the open and mountainous Karoo scenery, the area has become a relatively well-known landmark.</p><br>
<p>There is a large "Shell Ultra City" branded full service petrol station nearby.</p><br>
<p>The early expansion of the Cape Colony&#39;s railway system, planned by the government of Prime Minister John Molteno and driven by Cape Government Railways, saw the Main Western Line to Kimberley pass this formation. A small station was built here in 1881 and it serviced the enormous tracts of farmland in the surrounding districts.</p><br>
<p>Braehead is a historic house located in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The 6,000 square foot house was built in 1858-1859 by George Mullen for John Howison, born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1809. John Howison’s sister was the now-famous Civil War diarist, Jane Briggs  Beale.</p><br>
<p>John Howison’s father, Samuel Howison, was born in Prince William, Virginia, in 1779. He and his wife, Helen Rose Moore, purchased the house at 1300 Charles Street, Fredericksburg, in 1828. Samuel Howison’s father, Stephen Howison, was born in 1735/36 in St. Mary’s, Maryland. Stephen Howison’s father, John Howison, was born in Braehead, Scotland, in 1682.</p><br>
<p>In 1843, Howison married Anne Richards Lee, a distant cousin of Robert E. Lee through the Hancock Lees, also known as “the Ditchley Lees.” Named in memory of the Lee home where she grew up, the house now known as "Braehead" was a house and farm originally known as "Greenview." When he took breakfast at Greenview (Braehead) before the first Battle of Fredericksburg, General Lee was spending time with distant relations, although Anne Lee Howison had died earlier in the year.</p><br>
<p>John Howison’s oldest sons both perished in the Civil War. After the war, John Howison could no longer afford to keep Greenview, including the farm and dairy, and he sold it to his younger brother, Robert Reid Howison, a sometime lawyer and, later, a Presbyterian minister, who wrote and published a major history of Virginia in 1846, and renamed the house "Braehead." It was a descendant of Robert Reid Howison who owned the house when it was sold in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May 2000. It is noted for its distinctive characteristics of design and construction and for its historical significance.</p><br>
<p>Braehead is a two-story brick building that is nine bays wide. The main part of the house is square with a two-story kitchen connected by a hyphen. The house has a double-pile (two rooms between the front and rear walls), sidepassage plan with hipped roofed entrance porticos on the east and west façades.</p><br>
<p>Also on the property are two sites contributing to its historical significance: the ruins of a worked stone icehouse and the chimney base of an antebellum house. The house is within the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park.</p><br>
<p>During the Battle of Fredericksburg, General Robert E. Lee&#39;s headquarters were located near the home. On the morning of December 13, 1862 Lee had breakfast at Braehead.</p><br>
<p>SMS Meteor&#39; was an auxiliary cruiser of the Imperial German Navy which operated against Allied shipping during World War I.</p><br>
<h2>Early career</h2><br>
<p>Originally built as the British freighter Vienna in 1903 by Ramage & Ferguson, of Leith, for Curries shipping line.</p><br>
<p>At the outbreak of war in August 1914 Vienna was at Hamburg and was seized as a prize there.</p><br>
<p>To take advantage of her unmistakably British appearance the Imperial German Navy decided to convert her into an auxiliary cruiser and minelayer.</p><br>
<p>She was moved to the Kaiserliche Werft (KWW) in Wilhelmshaven where she was equipped with two 88mmm guns and two machine guns. She had minelaying equipment installed and a capacity for 347 mines. She was renamed Meteor and commissioned in May 1915 under the command of KK Wolfram von Knorr.</p><br>
<h2>Service history</h2><br>
<p>On 29 May 1915 Meteor set out on her first mission, to lay mines in the White Sea and attack Allied merchant ships engaged in taking coal and other materiel to Russia. In this she had several successes, sinking three freighters and laying her mines which accounted for another three ships. She returned unharmed in June 1915.</p><br>
<p>Her second mission, in August 1915, was to lay mines in the Moray Firth but this was less successful.</p><br>
<p>In the course of this operation, while attempting to run the British blockade, Meteor was challenged by the British armed boarding vessel HMS Ramsey, which stopped her for inspection. While stopping to be boarded Meteor was able to manoeuvre into a firing position, and, suddenly opening fire, she quickly overwhelmed Ramsey, which sank.</p><br>
<p>Retribution was swift and several British cruisers in the area, which had received Ramsey′s report, closed in on her. Notified by an Imperial German Navy airship, which was scouting in the area, Meteor&#39;s captain decided to scuttle her to avoid capture. This took place on 9 August 1915. Her crew, and the survivors from Ramsey, were rescued by the approaching British cruisers.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>Though Meteor had some success, this was short-lived, and she did not survive to repeat her exploits. Also, of the eight ships sunk by her, four were neutral Scandinavian vessels, which did nothing for Germany’s relations with her neighbours.</p><br>
<h2>Raiding career</h2><br>
<p>In two voyages Meteor sank five ships, and her mines another three, with a total tonnage in excess of 15,000 GRT.</p><br>
<p>Lake Silver is a natural freshwater lake located in central Winter Haven, Florida. This lake has a 51.73 acre surface area and is completely surrounded by offices, clinics and residential areas. The lake, almost circular in shape, is surrounded on three sides by North and South Lake Silver Drive. Lake Silver Drive on the east side is also part of 1st Street North . Lake Silver is surrounded by public land on all but its south and northwest shores. On the east side, 1st Street is only about 10 ft away. On the north, North Lake Silver Drive is about 20 ft away. On the entire west and southwest sides is parkland. Directly across 1st Street, to the southeast, is the Winter Haven Hospital campus. Beyond the housing to the south and across South Lake Silver Drive is the main campus of Gessler Clinic.</p><br>
<p>Lake Silver has one public boat ramp directly next to the Lake Silver Amphitheater. It has no public swimming areas, but since it is surrounded by so much land, fishing may be done there. The parkland on the west and southwest shores of the lake has its own attractions that enhance the recreational value of the lake. The park has shelterhouses for picnics. On the west side a combination paved golf cart, bicycle and walking trail skirts the lake. This trail travels a considerable distance north and south of Lake Silver.</p><br>
<p>Lake Silver is one of the deepest non man made lakes in all of Central Florida. Despite its rather small size compared to neighboring lakes, such as Lake Howard, that get approximately 11 – deep, Lake Silver measures a deep 45 ft in some areas of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Walker–Grant School is an historic school in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The school was built in 1938 and was the first publicly supported black high school in Fredericksburg. The school was named for Joseph Walker  and Jason Grant  who worked to establish the school. The Art Deco designed school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in October 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Joseph Walker and Jason Grant</h2><br>
<p>Walker was born into slavery in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. He was owned by the Goodwin family. Once freed at the conclusion of the American Civil War, he held a variety of jobs in Caroline and Spotsylvania counties. In the 1870s he moved to Fredericksburg where he worked at a paper mill. Though he was almost entirely self-taught, and unable to read or write well, he had a strong interest in education.</p><br>
<p>Grant&#39;s father was a slave in Kentucky who fled to Chatham, Ontario, Canada to escape a whipping. Grant attended schools in Chatham, Pontiac, Michigan, and at the Wilberforce Educational Institute in Ohio. Grant met a teacher from Fredericksburg, Virginia while he was working as a waiter in New York. He was convinced to move to Fredericksburg to teach there. He taught mostly in country schools and was the principal of the Fredericksburg Colored School. In 1924 he retired after 42 years in education.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Both Walker and Grant worked together with others to create the Fredericksburg Normal and Industrial Institute, the first high school for blacks in Fredericksburg. The Institute opened in 1905 with 20 students, supported only by donations from residents and, thus, was not a public school. The school opened in the basement of the Shiloh Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1906 the Institute was moved to a farmhouse on land purchased in an area of Fredericksburg known as Moorefield. The name of the area was changed to Mayfield. A new building was constructed for the school in the 1920s with four classrooms, an office, science laboratory, cloak rooms and about 20 rooms for boarding students.</p><br>
<p>In time, the financial burden on the black community to support the growing and successful school became too great and by 1935 the school was struggling to survive. In 1938 the Fredericksburg Normal and Industrial Institute was made part of the city school system. The school was merged with the nearby black elementary school and the entire school was named Walker–Grant.</p><br>
<p>When the Fredericksburg school system was integrated in 1968, Walker–Grant became the city&#39;s middle school, serving white and black students. In 1988, Walker–Grant Middle School moved to a new building, retaining the Walker–Grant name. The original Walker–Grant building is still used by the Fredericksburg school system for administrative offices and the Head Start Program.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library of Covington, also known as Covington Public Library, is a historic Carnegie library located at the corner of Fifth and Crockett Streets , Covington, Fountain County, Indiana. It was built in 1913-1914 by C A. Brown, and is a one-story, rectangular brick building in the Neoclassical style. It has a low-pitched hipped roof and the front facade features a one-story projecting pedimented portico. The building was renovated and a new addition was added in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Corporation of New York awarded $10,000 to build the library in 1913. It is among 164 public libraries (and 2 academic libraries) that the Carnegie Corporation endowed in Indiana. It opened in 1914.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Rensselaer Carnegie Library in Rensselaer, Indiana is a building from 1905. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1904-5, the library is a one-story masonry building on a raised basement. The basement is about 5 ft above grade and 5 ft below. The height of the main story creates the impression of a two or three story structure. The building is roughly square with a projecting entry bay centered in the main facade. The cubical massing is emphasized by the monopitch roof, which slopes to the rear (northeast). The roof is masked by a balustrade.</p><br>
<p>All exterior elevations are of "Hobart" buff face brick laid in common bond with dressed limestone detailing. The central entry bay is flanked by large windows on either side. A flight of stairs leads to main entry. Entry level is halfway between the primary floor level and grade level. The entry is defined by a broken pediment supported by fluted console scroll brackets, all of limestone. Flanking the entry is a stone water table on which rest small, narrow windows. A frieze has raised Roman lettering stating "MDCCC PUBLIC LIBRARY 01111". Above this is a full pediment with stone raking cornices. An oculus with stone garland surround is centered in the brick tympanum.</p><br>
<p>The bays flanking the entry projection have paired double hung three over one sash with heavy stone lintels at the basement level. Above this runs a plain water table. Large paired one over one windows with stone tablets below each window mark the primary level. Above each window pair are continuous transoms having classical criss-cross fretwork muntins. Each paired window opening is surmounted by a limestone flat arch with radiating voussoirs. The entablature consists of a stone architrave, plain brick frieze, and limestone cornice. A brick parapet with stone coping masks the roofline. Set into the parapet and centered over the double windows below are stone panels repeating the fretwork of the transoms. The cornerstone of the building is located at the southwest corner. It reads "LAID July 13.A.L.5904 A.D.1904. BY GRAND MASTER OF INDIANA. WITH THE AID OF PRAIRIE LODGE No. 125 F.& A.M. C.R. WEATHERHOGG ARCHITECT."</p><br>
<p>The side elevations of the library both have three bays of fenestration detailed identically to the flanking bays of the main facade. The basement windows at the northeast corner of the side elevation have been infilled with brick. The rear elevation is similar to the side elevations, however, the rear roof line lacks the parapet and has a single chimney stack. The basement window located toward the northeast corner has been bricked off as well. Near the center of the basement level, a small wood frame vestibule has been added to shelter a basement level entry.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>A foyer with stairs is just inside the main door. This tall space leads down to the basement on the left, and up to the main level on the right. Oak woodwork in the foyer remains intact, including wainscoting, paneling, and a purely decorative stair rail. The stair rail has paneled newels and turned balusters. Door and window surrounds have beaded vertical boards and entablature headers. Only the window moldings have been maintained from the original. Most of the original built-in bookcases remain, as do window and door surrounds. Suspended fluorescent lighting and acoustical ceiling tiles have been added. The stained glass skylight was removed.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, Rensselaer Library is a good example of a Carnegie library building. Prominent Fort Wayne architect Charles Weatherhogg designed the building, which is among the best examples of Neo-Classical Revival architecture in Rensselaer.</p><br>
<p>Rensselaer Carnegie Library P6120015.jpgCloseup of exterior lamp</p><br>
<p>Rensselaer Carnegie Library P6120011.jpgWest facade of the Rensselaer Carnegie Library</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Bobinski, George S. Carnegie Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association, 1969.</p><br>
<p>History of Jasper County, Indiana. Jasper-Newton Counties, Genealogical Society, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Hubbard, Kin, ed. A Book of Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana</p><br>
<p>Morrison, George. National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, Fairfield Manor, Alien County, Indiana. Listed 6-16-83.</p><br>
<p>Wells, John. "Architecture of Carnegie Libraries in Indiana." Muncie, IN: Ball State University, 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Carnegie Library Building, also known as the Carnegie Library Museum, is a historic structure located in Perry, Iowa, United States. The Perry Library Association was established in 1894, and William Tarr served as its first librarian. Andrew Carnegie accepted Perry&#39;s application for a grant for $10,600 on January 13, 1903. The Des Moines architectural firm of Liebbe, Nourse & Rasmussen designed the Neoclassical building that was built by local contractor Courtney and Bolt. It opened in September 1904 was dedicated on December 10.</p><br>
<p>The "L" shaped building is designed to fit into its triangular lot. The inside of the "L" is filled in and features a rounded outer wall. The building served as a public library for close to 90 years when a new library was built across the street. It was then renovated for use as a library museum. Its collection includes many of the 1,000 original titles from the library, a special collection of Midwest literature, women’s fiction, children’s books, and books on literacy and libraries. The Carnegie Library Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Lasanen Site, designated 20MA21, is an archaeological site located in St. Ignace, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lasanen Site is located within the city of St. Ignace, on what was once a beach ridge above the Straits of Mackinac.</p><br>
<p>The site is a burial ground associated with the Iroquois culture. Nineteen small burial pits, located in an area approximately 100 ft by 50 ft, were identified at the site. Five more burial pits were found on adjacent property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lasanen Site was discovered in 1966, when a private landowner, Dr. W. C. Lasanen, unearthed human remains while excavating to construct a foundation. Lasanen notified the Mackinac Island State Park Commission, and urgent salvage excavations were undertaken to recover the exposed human burials. Later in 1966, C. E. Cleland from Michigan State University, along with some students, undertook further excavations at the site. These excavations continued into 1967.</p><br>
<p>The details unearthed at the burials are consistent with those witnessed and described by Antoine Laumet Cadillac in 1694-97, and may be the same.</p><br>
<p>The Wichita City Carnegie Library Building located at 220 S. Main Street in Wichita, Kansas, Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States, is a Carnegie library built in 1915. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The two-story, limestone Beaux Arts building stands in the southwestern part of Wichitas central business district, directly south of the old City Hall. Its façade orientation is west. The building measures approximately one hundred and twenty-eight feet from north to south and eighty-three feet from east to west. After the completion of Wichitas present library in 1966, the Wichita City Carnegie Library Building served as city offices and the municipal court until the Wichita Omnisphere and Science Center established its tenancy in 1976, followed by changing tenants.</p><br>
<p>The two-story, ashlar cut, limestone block building sits on an ashlar cut, limestone block, raised foundation with a multiply moulded watertable. Three bays comprise the rectangular buildings façade and rear. The buildings main body is one bay deep, a one-bay-by-one-bay brick unit extends from the rear elevations center bay. A parapetted entry pavilion projects from the facades center bay. A short, square tower rises from the building&#39;s central bay, covered by a rounded, truncated hipped roof sheathed with pantiles and surmounted by a monitor roof. Tripartite windows with translucent glass pierce each wall of the central tower. Standing seam metal covers the gable roofs of the two main wings, the metal may have been tarred. Two skylights, which have been covered due to water leakage, pierce the gable roofs midway. The entry pavilion and the rear extension have low roofs hidden by parapets, they are likely covered with tar and gravel. The building retains its original metal drain pipes on the outer edges of the façade and the rear extension.</p><br>
<p>A limestone or terracotta entablature, consisting of a multiply moulded bottom course surmounted by an egg and dart architrave, a bracketed frieze, and an incised vegetal and shell motif cornice engages the building on all elevations except the rear.</p><br>
<p>The interior was designed by interior designer Louise Caldwell Murdock, a noted interior designer trained at the Parsons School of Fine Art in New York. In 1987 it was described that the building "maintains its original atrium floorplan and ceramic tiled floors. The beamed and coffered first level ceiling, the Doric pilasters below the ceiling beams, the first level marble columns, the egg and dart moulding ceiling cornice on the first level, the wooden door and window surrounds, the double cast iron staircase in the vestibule, and the three story, classically detailed atrium surround are retained."</p><br>
<p>Guy C. Irvine House, also known as "The Locusts," The Walker House, and The Kopf House, is a historic home located outside of Pine Grove Township, Warren County, Russell, Pennsylvania. The house design is Greek Revival in front , and post-colonial/Pennsylvania Georgian in back. It was built between 1831 and 1835, and is a two-story, brick dwelling, with two-story flanking wings. It is five bays wide and two bays deep, with a gable roof. It features a pedimented porch supported by two columns. The foundation construction is 21" hand cut stone from a local quarry. The external and internal house walls are double brick. One unique feature is the "bridged" end chimneys. There were originally 14 fireplaces, with 11 remaining. There have been several fires, presumably isolated to the southern flanking wing. These were probably kitchen fires, possibly occurring around 1875 , 1890 and 1910. The grounds of the Irvine House still have many of the original Black Locust trees , which were either planted by Irvine, or were possibly existing as a locust grove prior to construction of the home. The wooden fence enclosing the front yard was rebuilt to original design in the early 1940s. The house and grounds are well documented in Charles Stotz book "The Early Architecture of Western Pennsylvania". Stotz noted that "The Locust" is one of only a few historic homes  in Western Pennsylvania that still retain some of its original landscaping.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by William Bell and built by William and John Thompson for business partners and friends, Guy Carrolton Irvine and Rufus Weatherby. Guy and Rufus married sisters and traveled together extensively, so they initially designed the house to accommodate two families. However, during construction, Rufus Weatherby died (1833) and the house was finished for a single family. The Irvine House was part of the Irvine family until 1940, when it was purchased by the Walkers. The Walkers meticulously restored the house and grounds, retaining the original trees, rebuilding the fence and adding utilities for the first time. When the Walkers purchased the property there were several outbuilding; however all but the original outhouse were in poor condition and demolished. The original, two-stall brick outhouse was restored, and two brick outbuildings were added.</p><br>
<p>The Locusts was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 13 September 1978. It is the only house in Pine Grove township listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Ľadový štít  is the third highest of the Tatra Mountains, in Slovakia, and in the whole 1,500 km long Carpathian mountain chain, as well as in northern and eastern Central Europe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first confirmed ascent was made by 1843 John Ball, Wilhelm Richter, Carl Ritter, a Polish philologist, a Hungarian landscape painter and three Polish mountain guides. In 1843, the routes through the Suchý žlab (Dry culoir).</p><br>
<h2>Mounteineering</h2><br>
<p>The most popular climbing routes:</p><br>
<p>Normal route. As first men on the top. Scale UIAA I.</p><br>
<p>Ľadový koň (Ice ridge). North ridge from Tery hut to Ľadová priehyba (Ice pass) and on the top. Scale UIAA II.</p><br>
<p>Grósz route. The lef side of southeast wall. Scale UIAA III.</p><br>
<p>Brnčal pillar. The central southeast wall. Scale UIAA IV.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Electric Sub-Station No. 14 is a former traction substation in Santa Ana, California. It was built by the Pacific Electric Railway to provide electricity to run the railway&#39;s streetcars in central Orange County, California. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The substation was built in 1907. It is a single-story, rectangular building made of brick. It has minimal classical ornamentation in its design. There are hollow pipes at each end. Alternating current from the Watts Steam Generating Station entered at one end of the building to be converted to direct current to run the streetcars. The direct current then exited the building at the opposite end. A transformer was located inside the building.</p><br>
<p>The substation served the Watts-Santa Ana Line, the Santa Ana-Orange Line, and the Santa Ana-Huntington Beach Line. It was in service from 1907 until the cessation of service in 1950. It is the last Pacific Electric substation remaining in Orange County.</p><br>
<p>The substation was listed in the National Register of Historic Places because of its association with the Pacific Electric Railway in Orange County, as well as for its architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library in Guthrie, Oklahoma, is a building at 406 East Oklahoma Avenue. Constructed in 1901, It remained Guthrie&#39;s main library until 1972, when the city decided to tear it down and build a new facility in its place. Fred Pfeiffer, a local philanthropist, offered to fund a new structure next door to the Carnegie Library, if the old building were kept intact. The city accepted his offer, and gave the building to the Oklahoma Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The old building is now part of the Oklahoma Territorial Museum. Oklahoma Territorial Museum opened Nov. 13, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Federated Womens Clubs of Guthrie established a library board and requested a grant from Andrew Carnegie to construct a building. In 1901, Carnegie initially granted $20,000, then added another $5,000. The library board hired H. J. Vandenberg as the construction contractor. The womens club apparently raised additional money for the project, because the total cost of the project was approximately $35,000.</p><br>
<p>Initially, there were no criteria for architectural style of the Carnegie library buildings, although Carnegie voiced his expectation that the edifice should, "... signify its importance to the community." The building was designed by J. H. Bennett, a local architect. Its architectural style has been described as "Second Renaissance Revival." It is a two-story building, constructed of brick and stone with a full attic. The building was 60 feet by 20 feet. The ground floor featured a room in the center covered by a rotunda. The dome is 20 feet in diameter and rises 50 feet. The rotunda was surrounded by five rooms for reading, book storage and club meetings.</p><br>
<p>Carnegie was displeased when he learned that grant funds had been spent for a rotunda, a meeting room and fireplaces in the reading rooms. He wanted the money to be used for buying books and installing shelves to hold them. The Guthrie library was the last Carnegie library in Oklahoma to use his grant money for such an expenditure,</p><br>
<p>Significant historical events at the building included the 1906 inauguration of the last territorial governor, Frank Frantz and the November 16, 1907 inauguration of the first state governor, Charles N. Haskell. It is a supporting building for the Guthrie Historic District. A statue on the grounds of the library/museum complex commemorates the symbolic wedding of Mr. Oklahoma and Miss Indian Territory during Governor Haskell&#39;s inaugural.</p><br>
<h2>Oklahoma Territorial Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Oklahoma Territorial Museum contains documents and exhibits about the creation of the Unassigned Lands in Indian Territory, the Land Run of 1889, homesteading and the governments of both Oklahoma Territory and the State of Oklahoma (1907 - 1910).</p><br>
<p>The museum building has two stories and is adjacent to the Carnegie Library building, which operates as part of the museum. The physical address is 406 East Oklahoma Avenue in Guthrie. The first floor of the new building presents exhibits about the Land Run and the lifestyle of settlers in the Oklahoma Territory. The second floor is "territorial government, transportation, education, entertainment, and the statehood experience."</p><br>
<p>Eugene Dorflinger Estate is a historic home and estate located at Texas Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. The house was built in 1865, and is a two-story, wood frame dwelling with Victorian gingerbread trim. Also on the property are the contributing museum building, carriage house, photography studio, wash house, outhouse, and gazebo. The buildings are what is remaining from the Dorflinger Glass Works.</p><br>
<p>The property is now home to the Dorflinger-Suydam Wildlife Sanctuary, which protects almost 600 acres and features about 5 miles of trails.</p><br>
<p>The site also includes the Dorflinger Glass Museum that features over 900 pieces of cut lead crystal that were manufactured by the Dorflinger Glass Works.</p><br>
<p>The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Bellemonte Silk Mill, also known as Welwood Silk Mill and Sherman Underwear Mills, is a historic mill located at Hawley, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1880-1881, and rebuilt in 1894 after a fire. It is a three- to five-story, long and narrow bluestone building in a High Victorian Gothic style. It features a castellated roof parapet. It has a one-story, shed roofed engine house addition. The mill is locally considered to be the largest bluestone building in the world. The property also includes the contributing Cocoon House; a one-story, one room stone building. In 2011 the Bellemonte Silk Mill and Cocoon House were renovated by Peter Bohlin. The Bellemonte Silk Mill became the Hawley Silk Mill and the Cocoon House became Cocoon Coffee House. The building once housed an antique resale shop.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Piotruś  is a 727 m tall mountain in the Beskid Dukielski range, Poland. Beskid Dukielski forms the middle of the Low Beskids in the Western Carpathian Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Piotruś is the highest mountain of the Beskid Dukielski. A tourist trail passes through the mountain. Its most prominent characteristic is a stream and pond related to the Saint John of Dukla.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Beskid Dukielski Range is located within the outer part of the Carpathians, which is part of the Alpine orogenic belt. The Outer Carpathians fold and thrust belt, is subdivided into several nappes bounded by thrust faults. The mountain lies within the Dukla Nappe which is further faulted into smaller thrust sheets. The sequence that outcrops in this area consists of flysch type sedimentary rocks of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene in age. Piotruś itself is formed of Oligocene age rocks, particularly the Menilite Beds, which contain the Mszanka Sandstones, the Jawornik Marls the Cergowa Sandstones or Shales with interbedded layers of Tylawa Limestone. Prominent ridges near the top of the mountain consist of thick-bedded layers of sandstone and conglomerate that form part of the Mszanka Sandstones.</p><br>
<h2>Physical characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The tallest mountain in the Beskid Dukielski, The mountain is crescent-shaped, aligned roughly north-south. It is bounded to the west and south by the valley of the Jasiołka river, separating it from Ostra Mountain to the south. The mountain is covered in forest, primarily old beech trees, and near the top, in birch, European mountain-ash and alder. A spruce forest on Piotruś&#39;s western slope was mostly destroyed in a fire during the interwar period. A yellow sandstone rock is prominently displayed at the top of the mountain, which likely contributed to its name (Piotr – Polish for Peter – also means stone). Some of it was excavated for buildings, and several unused large blocks can be found.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is the source for numerous streams, which form small ponds A small chapel was raised in the site in 2005.</p><br>
<p>There are plans to extend a nearby nature reserve "Przełom Jaskółki" to the southern slopes of Piotruś.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>A short yellow tourist trail passes through Piotruś.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Victoria Patriotic Building is a large Victorian building in a "gothic" style combining Scottish Baronial and French Châteauesque. It is located off Trinity Road in Wandsworth, London. It was built in 1859 as the Royal Victoria Patriotic School, by popular subscription as an asylum for girls orphaned during the Crimean War. It is a Grade II* Listed Building designed by the architect Major Rohde Hawkins.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building&#39;s architect was Major Rohde Hawkins (1821–84). It is made of yellow brick with York stone dressings. It consists of three storeys arranged around two courtyards separated by a central main hall. There is an additional single-storey court on the east side. The roof is steeply pitched with slate. The metal-framed windows are mullioned and transomed. The style is a combination of Scottish baronial, Jacobean and French Châteauesque architecture. There are five major towers (three at the front) with pyramidal rooves, and many smaller corner turrets (tourelles). The central tower at the front has a projecting frontispiece three storeys high; above it is a statue of St George and the Dragon in a niche.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Much of the interior detail has now been lost, so the interior is mostly quite plain; some rooms have surviving boarded rooves. A wallplate in the main hall has carved foliage. The main hall&#39;s roof is in three sections; it was painted by J.G. Crace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Nineteenth century</h3><br>
<p>The Royal Victoria Patriotic Building is a Grade 2 Gothic Revival listed building on the edge of Wandsworth Common, South West London. It was built as the school of the Royal Victoria Patriotic Asylum on land enclosed from Wandsworth Common, one of 53 such enclosures made (lawfully) in the years between 1794 and 1866. The building was designed by Rohde Hawkins in the then popular Gothic style. The foundation stone was laid by Queen Victoria on 11 July 1857; the building was completed in only 18 months. The rapid construction was facilitated by offsite prefabrication of many components such as cast iron windows, stone dressings, roof trusses, iron floor joists and decorative pieces of leadwork.</p><br>
<p>The money for the building came from Prince Alberts Royal Patriotic Fund, which raised nearly £1.5 million by public subscription for the widows and orphans of soldiers killed in the Crimean War. However, only £35,000 was actually used in the buildings construction by George Myers of Lambeth.</p><br>
<p>The orphans lived in hard conditions; they had to pump water up to the tanks in the buildings towers, do all the washing, and be washed outside in cold water. When the installed warm air heating system failed, no fireplaces were built in the orphans quarters. The orphans were reportedly abused by the chaplain, one orphan dying as a result, leading to a scandal.</p><br>
<h3>Twentieth century</h3><br>
<p>In the First World War, the building was refurbished with stronger roof trusses, repointed brickwork, new Westmoreland slates on the roof, and a new heating system. It was used as the 3rd London General Hospital. The field behind the hospital was packed with marquees holding about 1800 soldiers wounded at the front; many thousands of soldiers were treated at the hospital during the war.</p><br>
<p>After the First World War, the building reverted to its earlier use as the Royal Victoria Patriotic School, still for girls, until the children were evacuated to Wales in 1939.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, MI5 interrogators including spycatcher Colonel Oreste Pinto interviewed over 30,000 immigrants to the UK at the euphemistically named "London Reception Centre" in the building over a period of four years.</p><br>
<p>After the Second World War, the building initially housed a teachers&#39; training college. In 1952 it was bought by London County Council; from 1957 it housed Honeywell Secondary Mixed School, followed by Spencer Park Comprehensive School for Boys until 1974. As the building aged, it became structurally unsafe and the school moved to a new building.</p><br>
<p>From 1974, the Royal Victoria Patriotic Building fell into disrepair, losing most of its windows, and thousands of feral pigeons moved in. Thieves stole lead from the rooves and water tanks, allowing rain into the building&#39;s fabric: dry rot then destroyed much of the timber structure including floors and door frames. The building came under threat of demolition, but was saved by campaigning by the Victorian Society and the Wandsworth Society, and became a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 the Greater London Council (GLC), successor to London County Council, granted a lease with the option to buy the building for £1 to a developer, Tuberg Property Company. Restoration took six years. Just before formal handover by the GLC, the main hall with its elaborate hammer beam ceiling was destroyed by arson. The hall was fully restored from a photographic survey which luckily had been made two weeks earlier.</p><br>
<p>The Civic Trust awarded a commendation in 1985 for the hall ceiling. In 1987 the Civic Trust awarded another commendation for the restoration of the building as a whole. Also in 1987, the restoration won the Europa Nostra Order of Merit.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>The building was refurbished in the 1980s, and now houses a variety of small businesses, the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, flats and the "Le Gothique" restaurant. The restaurant hosts the Wandsworth Common Beer Festival twice a year; until 2012 it was held annually.</p><br>
<p>The Hiawatha Sportsmans Club 1931 Maintenance Building and Commissary are two recreational buildings located on Lake Boulevard, on the grounds of the Hiawatha Sportsmans Club, near Millecoquins, Michigan. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Dr. William E. McNamara of Lansing, Michigan purchased 32,000 acre of land in Michigans Upper Peninsula. In 1927, McNamara organized the Hiawatha Sportsmans Club for the purpose of hunting, fishing, and relaxing in a relatively unspoiled environment.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1920s, the population of Engadine, Michigan, was dwindling due to the descriction of the main industry in town. In 1931, the club purchased an empty Engadine store and moved it onto the club property to serve as a commissary. The first two commissary managers went on to found grocery stores in nearby towns: Joseph Patrick Rahilly in Newberry, Michigan, and Emmet Joseph Vallier in Naubinway, Michigan. The commissary is currently used by the Hiawatha Sportsman’s Club Art Group for painting.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1931, the club constructed a clapboard-covered frame structure nearby to use as a maintenance building. The building served as the maintenance center for the club until 1946; it was used for storage until the mid-1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Manitou Lodge is a recreational building located on G Trail, on the grounds of the Hiawatha Sportman&#39;s Club, near Naubinway, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1997</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Dr. William E. McNamara of Lansing, Michigan purchased 32,000 acres of land in Michigans Upper Peninsula. In 1927, McNamara organized the Hiawatha Sportsmans Club for the purpose of hunting, fishing, and relaxing in a relatively unspoiled environment. In 1930, the club, led by McNamara, put together a team or architects and contractors to construct a hotel on club property. The original design specified a hotel with 50 rooms and a screened porch 88 ft long running along the front of the building. However, the Great Depression changed economic conditions, and the original design was scaled down to one containing 16 rooms, a lobby, and a 56 ft screened porch. The final building included design elements from both Philadelphia architect George Bunn and Lansing architect Harold G. Benriter.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1931, using logs cut on the clubs property and limestone from a quarry also on the clubs property.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1962, the nearby dining hall burned down, and was not replaced. Members use of the lodge decreased. The lodge is currently used by the Hiawatha Sportsman&#39;s Club as a library and museum, and it is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hiawatha Sportsmans Clubs Manitou Lodge is sited on a bluff overlooking Naubinway and Lake Michigan. The lodge is "an excellent example" of log construction. It is still in original condition, and consists of a lobby and sleeping rooms. The main section is a gable-end structure with a low pitched roof, and contains the lobby. The lobby interior showcases exposed roof beams and a large limestone fireplace. A 12 ft by 56 ft screened porch runs along the south side of the building, and provides a view of the lake. Two gable-end wings on the north side, mirror images of each other, house the sleeping rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Juntunen Site, also known as 20MK1, is an archaeological site located on the western tip of Bois Blanc Island. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Juntunen site is located on a low sand beach about 600 feet from and 17 feet above the current lakeshore. The site also contains five ossuaries, plus an infant burial and additional remains collected from the surface. The burials primarily dated from 1200 to 1400 AD. The frequent but seasonal occupation of the site led to a stratified layering of archaeological remains at the site, consisting of up to 25 separate layers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Juntunen Site was discovered in 1932 by Robert Braidwood of the University of Michigan, who found human remains eroding from the surface of a group of mounds. Excavations were carried out over the next few years. Mr. Charles Juntunen, the property owner of the site, discovered more remains in 1959 while bulldozing a road. Juntunen contacted The University of Michigan, and the University&#39;s Alan McPherron and James Griffin conducted multiple excavations.</p><br>
<p>Mount Samat is a historic mountain in the town of Pilár, Province of Bataan, in the Republic of the Philippines. Located near its summit is the Mount Samat National Shrine, a national shrine dedicated to the fallen Filipino and American fallen during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Samat is a parasitic cone of Mount Mariveles with no record of historical eruption. The summit of Mount Samat is 9.2 km NNE of the Mariveles caldera. Mount Samat itself has a 550 m wide crater that opens to the northeast. The Mount Samat Cross is situated near the edge of the crater rim.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>At the start of World War II in 1942 after suffering heavy losses against the Imperial Japanese Army all over Luzon, the Filipino and American soldiers retreated to Bataan Peninsula to regroup for a last valiant but futile stand. After four months of fighting, the 78,000 exhausted, sick and starving soldiers under Major General Edward P. King surrendered to the Japanese on April 9, 1942 known as the fall of Bataan. It is the single largest surrender of USA soldiers in history and Mariveles, a town in the Bataan province, was their last stronghold after which, together with the Philippine soldiers, they were led on to the 80 mi march to Capas, Tarlac known as the Bataan Death March.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Samat National Shrine was erected as a fitting memorial to the heroic struggle and sacrifices of those soldiers who fought and died in that historic bastion of freedom.</p><br>
<h2>Dunsulan Falls</h2><br>
<p>Dunsulan Falls (14&deg;36&prime;52.7&Prime;N latitude, 120&deg;29&prime;33.8&Prime;E longitude) is a waterfall located at the foot of Mount Samat, northeast of the National Shrine in Brgy Liyang, also in Pilar town. Dunsulan falls and river is the main drainage on the crater side of Mount Samat.</p><br>
<p>Bobs Lake is a lake in Frontenac County and Lanark County in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is in the St. Lawrence River drainage basin and is the source of the Tay River.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The vast majority of the lake is in geographic Bedford Township, part of the municipality of South Frontenac, with a small tip of Mill Bay at the north in geographic Oso Township, Central Frontenac; both municipalities are in Frontenac County. The northeastern end of the lake is in geographic South Sherbrooke Township, part of the municipality of Tay Valley in Lanark County.</p><br>
<p>The primary inflow, at the northeast. The primary outflow, at the community of Bolingbroke at the northeast and controlled by a dam, is the Tay River. The Tay River flows via the Rideau River and Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 7,962 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Davern Creek</p><br>
<p>Eagle Creek</p><br>
<p>Fish Creek</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library is a historic building on the Fisk University campus in Nashville, Tennessee. The cornerstone was laid in 1908 by William Howard Taft, who was then the USA Secretary of War. It was funded by Andrew Carnegie, who provided a number of academic libraries, as well as many public Carnegie libraries.</p><br>
<p>The library was designed by African-American architect Moses McKissack III; it was his first major design project. It is a two-story Classical Revival building constructed from brick with a stone columned porch, featuring an interior light well. The upper floor was intended to provide a venue for musical performances.</p><br>
<p>It is included in the Fisk University Historic District and was independently listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It now serves as the university&#39;s Academic Building.</p><br>
<p>J.S. O&#39;Connor American Rich Cut Glassware Factory, also known as Maple City Glass Company, H.W. Kimble Silk Company, and Arrow Throwing Company, is a historic glassware factory and silk mill located at Hawley, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. With the waning of the canal and gravity rail operations in the late 19th Century, Hawley developed into a busy manufacturing town. In addition to silk fabric and garments, among the chief products was fine cut glass. The leading cut glass establishment was that of John Sarsfield O’Connor  at the base of the Paupack Falls. The building was built on the site of previous mills of wood frame construction in 1890. The earliest of these dates back to the founding of the hamlet of Paupack Eddy, the forerunner of Hawley, in the closing decade of the 18th Century. It is a three-story, 160 feet long and 44 feet wide, bluestone building in the Federal style, with an addition 40 by 75 feet. J.S. O’Connor Rich Cut Glass has been described as one of the most extensive glass cutting factories in America. O’Connor is recalled as one of the finest glass cutters in the nation.</p><br>
<p>The factory was said to be one of its kind in America, run by water power and lit by electricity generated by its own electrical plant. The firm had a capacity of 250 cutting frames. When the third floor was rebuilt, 50 cutting frames were added.</p><br>
<p>This brought the workforce from 150 to nearly 200, and a new showroom was built. Another reference says that the workforce eventually reached almost 300. In 1902, the cut glass firm relocated from Hawley to Goshen, Orange County, NY. On January 16th of that year, J. S. O’Connor sold his Hawley plant. The addition was built in 1926, when the building was converted to a silk throwing mill. In 1941 Daniel Vacca Sr, purchased the silk mill. Vacca & Sons operated the Arrow Throwing Company at the facility. During World War II, the Vaccas were a major supplier of yarn for emblems and insignias as well as nylon cord for parachutes. Arrow Throwing Company, the last remaining silk mill in Hawley and one of the few throwing mills left in the Northeast, closed its doors in 1987. Soon a lobby was added to the building by new owners in 1988, when converted to an inn, and a restaurant was added years later. It has a shed roof and features pedimented windows and a decorative cornice.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Hill is a hill located in Ma On Shan Country Park west of Sai Kung, in the eastern half of Hong Kong. It is particularly well known for its peak resembling the head of a Buffalo when viewed from Sha Tin. MacLehose trail passes within 225 metres from the peak of the hill, while smaller trails cut off the main MacLehose trail up to the peak of Buffalo Hill. It is the sixteenth tallest peak in Hong Kong, with an altitude of 606 metres , bordering Sha Tin and Sai Kung.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Buffalo Hill can be identified by its uniquely shaped Buffalo&#39;s head peak. Eight valleys associated with six streams lie around the slope of the hill. The biggest stream and valley flows along the north-eastern slope of Buffalo Hill and into the Shing Mun River. The entire hill is composed of exposed basalt rock, with some smaller granite deposits also present.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The peak of Buffalo Hill is covered by grass and small shrubs, while the valleys are lush with forests. Different types of grass, including Couch grass, Bermuda Grass, Manila Grass and annual bluegrass, grow on the slopes of the hill, while the tree line ends approximately 350 metres above sea level on the slopes of the hill.</p><br>
<p>The cave of the Barranc  del Migdia was discovered in 1989 in Xabia . At an altitude of around 375 metres on the sunny side of the Montgó, the cave is situated at the head of the ravine after which it is named. The site preserves an important group of schematic rock paintings, as well as multiple graves from the Calcolithic or copper age.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>In 2009 archaeological excavations were begun in the central hall of the cave. This space appears to have been a prehistoric funeral chamber as the remains of eight individuals have been recovered – women, men and children - after three excavation campaigns. These remains were deposited in “packets” or bundles of bones, which indicates that they are” secondary” burials, i.e. the remains of the individuals buried in the cave had been transferred, already as skeletons, from another place.</p><br>
<p>The dead were buried with objects later excavated in the burial site, the purpose of which was to assist the deceased in the passage to another life. To date, flint arrow heads, hand made ceramic vessels, an adze of polished stone and a copper awl have been found. Radiocarbon dating of the bones of some of the burials dates the remains to 4,683 years ago, in the late Neolithic times.</p><br>
<p>The groups of humans who used the cave as a burial place and a site for schematic rock paintings belonged to communities that had settled in the valley. They lived in small hamlets dedicating themselves to agriculture and livestock farming, although hunting was also an important activity</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The cave of the Barranc del Migdia, visible from all over the valley of Xàbia, would have been easily identifiable for these peoples, a landmark of their connection to a site where the remains of their ancestors had rested for generations. It is a unique place, as it combines artistic representations of some of their concerns about life and religion, with a burial chamber which conveys their beliefs about death.</p><br>
<p>Thousands of years later, firstly in Roman times and later at the end of the Moorish period, the cave served as a refuge and hiding place. A small treasure of Almohadian coins was hidden here. Some ten coins are conserved by the Soler Blasco Archeological Museum in Javea.</p><br>
<h2>Ongoing investigation</h2><br>
<p>The investigations in this site - studies of physical anthropology, DNA, stone age diet, vegetation environment, C14 radiocarbon dating, etc. – have brought to light unknown aspects about these ancient settlers. This archeological investigation project directed by the Cirne Foundation brings Xàbia and the Montgò into the field of modern European scientific investigation. They are currently awaiting the results of the DNA studies being conducted in the University of Mainz in Germany, which will specify the type of burial, whether it was a vault for families or for important people of the time.</p><br>
<p>Burraga Swamp is situated beside Mount Lumeah in the Barrington Tops area in New South Wales, Australia. It is surrounded by Antarctic Beech cool temperate rainforest at an altitude of 985 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The swamp and surrounding forest was part of Chichester State Forest. However, in the 1980s the boundaries of the National Park were moved to include the area to the World Heritage Gondwana Rainforests of Australia.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent forest contains very tall Antarctic Beech trees, some as old as 2000 years. Mosses and ferns are prominent. Other tree species near the lake include Golden Sassafras, Soft Corkwood, Prickly Ash, Possumwood and Mountain Walnut.</p><br>
<p>The swamp was formed when a landslip fell from the western side of Mount Lumeah. The area initially filled as a lake. Then the basin filled with organic and sedimentary material. The swamp is vegetated by a variety of sedges and grasses.</p><br>
<p>The swamp is of interest to palaeobotanists as the pollen records reveal a history of previous vegetation and clues to an earlier climate. Pollen samples indicated the dominance of the Antarctic Beech for only 6,000 years at this site. 17,000 years ago at the Last Glacial Maximum this area was much colder and with a lower rainfall. Soft Tree Ferns became common 13,000 years ago. Nothofagus appeared around 11,500 years ago and has only dominated the area for a surprisingly short period when the rainfall and temperatures were higher. The pollen sampling gives a good indication of the botany of the area for the past 40,000 years. In the colder days of the Last Glacial Maximum, the vegetation was mostly drier alpine plants.</p><br>
<p>Lacawac is a historic estate located in Paupack Township and Salem Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1903, as a summer estate of Congressman William Connell . Six of the eight buildings remain. They are the main house, barn, spring house, pump house, Coachman&#39;s Cabin, and ice house. The buildings are in a Adirondack Great Camp style. The main house is a -story frame dwelling with a cross gable roof. It features two-story porches and the interior is paneled in southern yellow pine.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the property was deeded to a non-profit organization and subsequently used as a nature preserve, ecological field research station and public environmental education facility.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Lake Lacawac was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Milanville Historic District, is a national historic district located at Damascus Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 17 contributing buildings in the community of Milanville. The buildings were built between 1850 and 1910, and are vernacular interpretations of a variety of popular architectural styles including Greek Revival and Queen Anne. Notable buildings include the Phone Company Building, Milanville Store , Milanville School , Volney Skinner House , Weston Skinner House , Frank Davis House , Milton Skinner House , Nathan Skinner House , and Milanville Methodist Church . The Milanville-Skinners Falls Bridge is located in the district.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
